BOOKS
Books...are like lobster shells, we surround ourselves with 'em, then we grow out of 'em and leave 'em behind, as evidence of our earlier stages of development.
My blog contains books on java,.net,php,sql and also interview questions which will be helpful for u r career.
JAVA:
Java technology is a high-level programming and a platform independent language. Java is designed to work in the distributed environment on the Internet.
Where is Java being Used?
The programming language Java was developed by Sun Microsystems in the year 1995. Earlier, it was only used to design and program small computing devices but later adopted as one of the platform independent programming language. The most important feature of Java is its byte code that can be interpreted on any platform including windows, Linux etc. One can also download it freely from the official website of Sun.
As we have mentioned above that java-programming language was only developed for the small devices but now it can be found in a variety of devices like cell phones, e-commerce application, PCs and almost all network or computing devices.
Java is available in different form:
JSP ? Like PHP and ASP, Java Server Pages based on a code with normal HTML tags, which helps in creating dynamic web pages.
Java Applets ? This is another type of Java program that used within a web page to add many new features to a web browser. These are small program used in the programming of instant messaging, chat service, solving some complex calculation and for many other purposes.
J2EE ? The software Java 2 Enterprise Edition are used by various companies to transfer data based on XML structured documents between one another.
JavaBeans ? This is something like Visual Basic and a reusable software component that can be easily assemble to create some new and advanced application.
As far as syntax is concerned, Java is similar as the C programming language but a distinct style of coding. It follows all the general programming features like loops, data types, conditions, curly braces, semi-colon etc. Its a fully featured Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language as it supports all OOP features including classes, modules, inheritance, Polymorphism etc.
Mobile Java - Besides the above technology, Java is also used for various entertainment devices especially mobile phone. Mobile Information Devices Profile (MIDP) uses Java run time environment in cell phones, mobile tracking systems and other traditional PDA devices. Java technology enabled application is key to the games and services available in the mobile world. This also plays an important role in the field of telemedicine such as PulseMeter. As far as mobile technology is concerned, it offers offline facility, so that users can get service even if they face loss of connection. Today, all leading mobile service provider like Nokia, Siemens, Vodafone are using Java technology. Sun Java Wireless Toolkit offers complete support for developing different MIDP application.
Java technology is enabled with healthy content ecosystem by offering a healthy development and deployment environment, protecting users and operators from down time and viruses. The increase volume of users now encouraging manufactures and developers to apply Java technology in numerous other productive and functional ways including MP3 players, digital TV, video, 3D, simplifying games, etc.
.NET
.NET hasn’t traditionally been the SitePoint community’s framework of choice for Web development. A simple comparison of the activity within the PHP and the .NET forums highlights this fact. But with the release of SitePoint’s first ASP.NET book, I thought it was about time us .NETers stood proud, and shouted from the rooftops exactly what makes this technology so good.
However, it isn’t the purpose of this article to deride other technologies; this isn’t "PHP vs. .NET Part 2". Every platform, framework, and architecture has its own strengths and weaknesses, and .NET is no exception. So, the features highlighted in this article aren’t discussed as if they are unique or necessarily better in .NET (although, of course, most are!), but it should give those who are still dipping toes into .NET some good reasons to dive right in.
The Framework
Without writing a single line of code, .NET provides you with a scalable and powerful framework to code upon. Before I explain its benefits, let’s have a little discussion about how exactly it works.
When a .NET application is compiled, it’s not compiled to machine code. Instead, .NET applications are compiled to IL (Intermediate Language), which is akin to Java bytecode. When the application is executed, it is then compiled into native executable code, which is managed by the Common Language Runtime (CLR). What this management means to us as developers is that the CLR can guarantee certain aspects of your application function, for example, garbage collection and exception handling, giving it inherent robustness and security. This architecture is known as Managed Code, and gives your applications a great deal of tolerance out of the box.
In ASP.NET, compilation is dynamic. .NET compiles its output when a page or resource is first requested. Subsequent requests then use this compiled output to produce the resource, resulting in extremely fast, compiled applications. This is why, when you first run an ASP.NET application, there’s a short delay before the request is returned. So, don’t worry: things only get faster…much faster!
The framework also includes the Microsoft Framework Classes, the largest and most feature-rich set of ready-to-use classes Microsoft has ever released. The System classes, as they’re known, can be employed by any .NET application, meaning the code you write for your Website can just as easily be used within desktop applications or mobile devices (assuming you’ve designed them correctly, that is!). This in turn makes your developments far more productive, as writing for the Web can be just as simple as writing for the desktop.
The System classes also provide distinct methods for performing certain tasks. As an example, let’s say we need to send an email. We can use the System.Web.Mail.SmtpMail class to achieve this:
SmtpMail.Send("FROM","TO",SUBJECT",MESSAGE BODY");
because we have a defined point of access to the mail service (in this case, the SmtpMail class), any future changes or improvements to the code that sends mail is co-ordinated and our application will automatically benefit. Contrast this with ASP development, for example, where there were many different implementations for sending an email, often using COM. In addition, .NET’s co-ordination increases code readability. If we’re looking at a system as a new developer, the SmtpMail class can easily be recognised and its functionality attributed to it. Again, contrasted with ASP, where we’d need to recognise the particular COM object used to gain an understanding of the code, this delivers considerable benefits.
Not only does the framework provide a reliable, managed method of writing and executing your applications, it also helps co-ordinate your code. Not bad for something you get for free!
PHP:
PHP is a server-side scripting language whose primary purpose is to generate HTML content. Its creator, Rasmus Lerdorf defines it as "a cross-platform, HTML-embedded, server-side web scripting language" [Lerdorf 2002, p.1]. With the current direction of the Web, it is easily being adapted to writing out all forms of XML content as well. The most recent version of PHP is PHP 4.
Personal Homepage (PHP): a cross-platform, HTML-embedded, server-side web scripting language
It was originally developed as a set of server-side modules to perform some specific Web-server tasks on small, Unix-based Web servers. Since then PHP has grown beyond the work of one man writing some tools for his own use and into one of the most popular server-side scripting languages in the Web.
Three thing make PHP popular. The first is that it is easy: easy to implement, easy to learn, and easy to use. The second is that it is free. The third is that it runs on almost any Web server on almost any platform currently available.
PHP is both a scripting language and a collection of tools for performing various server-side functions in an HTTP, or Web, server. Since it is written as a collection of C-modules, it can go beyond server-side scripting and can also be used to execute scripts from the command line and for developing client-side GUI applications that can operate on most any platform.
The core features of PHP are built around the ability to process strings and arrays, as well as to work as an object-oriented programming language. Beyond this most of PHP is a collection of modules that can be added in on the server as needed to perform a large variety of specific tasks. In other words, it is a highly customizable application, and you can keept it small by only installing as much as you need to perform required tasks.
Database Access
One of set modules control database access. Using PHP with MySQL has become common enough that the MySQL interface is now part of core PHP instead of a plug-in module. Most other databases have modules that can be included in a PHP build to allow access. PHP can access most any SQL or ODBC database. It can both read and write information in the database.
This opens up the door for a whole variety of online business applications that require data storage on the server. Because of this, PHP is becoming an increasingly popular tool for e-commerce.
File Access
PHP can read and write files. It can also do basic file and directory maintenance. Because of this, you can use it to do such things as edit documents remotely. It can also be used to search flat file collections for the existence of a given file or for the existence of information stored in files and return the results. Information does not need to be coded into a database just to be accessible.
It can also take content and use it to generate files in various formats, including HTML and PDF. It is an incrasingly popular tool for processing XML for HTTP distribution. It can also take data and use it to generate e-mail, which is can send out through most any standard mail protocol.
Its ability to work across multiple data sources and return multiple content types makes it an ideal tool for things like search engines and message boards.
Application Control
PHP started as an application control language. Specifically, it was designed to handle access logging for HTTP servers. This ability has expanded greatly and now PHP can even be used as a scripting language in such applications as Microsoft Word and Excel.
Graphics
PHP can not only manage text content, it can also manage graphic content. It can be used to create graphs and charts. It can be used to generate GIF and PNG images on the fly, allowing you, for instance, to have a button template that has the text added to it dynamically before being sent to the client. This means you don't need a new image for each button, just one image that has the text added as needed for each individual button.
Extensible
PHP is extensible. It is written in C and the underlying source can be expanded on with new modules written in the same. It is also open source, so engaging in such expansion is permitted and encouraged.
SQL
SQL Server Profiler is a rich interface to create and manage traces and analyze and replay trace results. Your use of SQL Server Profiler depends on the reason you are monitoring an instance of the SQL Server Database Engine. For example, if you are in the development phase of the production cycle, you are not as concerned about the overhead incurred by tracing many events as you are concerned about obtaining all the performance details you can gather. If, by contrast, you are monitoring a production server, you want your traces to be more focused and limited in time so tracing incurs the least load on your server.
Use SQL Server Profiler to:
Monitor the performance of an instance of the SQL Server Database Engine, Analysis Server, or Integration Services (after they have occurred).
Debug Transact-SQL statements and stored procedures.
Analyze performance by identifying slowly executing queries.
Perform stress testing and quality assurance by replaying traces.
Replay traces of one or more users.
Perform query analysis by saving Showplan results.
Test Transact-SQL statements and stored procedures in the development phase of a project by single-stepping through statements to confirm that the code works as expected.
Troubleshoot problems in SQL Server by capturing events on a production system and replaying them on a test system. This is useful for testing or debugging purposes and allows users to continue using the production system without interference.
Audit and review activity that occurred on an instance of SQL Server. This allows a security administrator to review any of the auditing events, including the success and failure of a login attempt and the success and failure of permissions in accessing statements and objects.
Save trace results in XML to provide a standardized hierarchical structure to trace results. This allows you to modify existing traces or manually create traces and then replay them.
Aggregate trace results to allow similar event classes to be grouped and analyzed. These results provide counts based on a single column grouping.
Allow users who are not administrators to create traces.
Correlate performance counters with a trace to diagnose performance problems.
Configure trace templates that can be used for tracing later.
Introduction
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a database sublanguage for querying and modifying relational databases. It was developed by IBM Research in the mid 70's and standardized by ANSI in 1986.
The Relational Model defines two root languages for accessing a relational database -- Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus. Relational Algebra is a low-level, operator-oriented language. Creating a query in Relational Algebra involves combining relational operators using algebraic notation. Relational Calculus is a high-level, declarative language. Creating a query in Relational Calculus involves describing what results are desired.
SQL is a version of Relational Calculus. The basic structure in SQL is the statement. Semicolons separate multiple SQL statements.
There are 3 basic categories of SQL Statements:
SQL-Data Statements -- query and modify tables and columns
SELECT Statement -- query tables and views in the database
INSERT Statement -- add rows to tables
UPDATE Statement -- modify columns in table rows
DELETE Statement -- remove rows from tables
SQL-Transaction Statements -- control transactions
COMMIT Statement -- commit the current transaction
ROLLBACK Statement -- roll back the current transaction
SQL-Schema Statements -- maintain schema (catalog)
CREATE TABLE Statement -- create tables
CREATE VIEW Statement -- create views
DROP TABLE Statement -- drop tables
DROP VIEW Statement -- drop views
GRANT Statement -- grant privileges on tables and views to other users
REVOKE Statement -- revoke privileges on tables and views from other users
Language Structure
SQL is a keyword based language. Each statement begins with a unique keyword. SQL statements consist of clauses which begin with a keyword. SQL syntax is not case sensitive.
The other lexical elements of SQL statements are:
names -- names of database elements: tables, columns, views, users, schemas; names must begin with a letter (a - z) and may contain digits (0 - 9) and underscore (_)
literals -- quoted strings, numeric values, datetime values
delimiters -- + - , ( ) = < > <= >= <> . * / || ? ;
Basic database objects (tables, views) can optionally be qualified by schema name. A dot -- ".", separates qualifiers:
schema-name . table-name
Column names can be qualified by table name with optional schema qualification.
Note: Names can be case sensitive and contain spaces and other delimiters and can use keywords, by surrounding them with double quotation marks ("). For example,
"1 Name w/spaces"
"SELECT"
Quoted names must match exactly on case.
Example Tables
In the subsequent text, the following 3 example tables are used:
p Table (parts)
P1 Widget Blue
P2 Widget Red
P3 Dongle Green
s Table (suppliers)
sno name city
S1 Pierre Paris
S2 John London
S3 Mario Rome
sp Table (suppliers & parts)
sno pno qty
S1 P1 NULL
S2 P1 200
S3 P1 1000
S3 P2 20
ORACLE:
What is SQL, how is it pronounced, and where did it come from?
SQL is the acronym for Structured Query Language. It is a data retrieval and manipulation language.
It is usually pronounced as "es-que-el" or "sequel". I pronounce it both ways and my ears don't even notice a difference anymore.
SQL came from Dr. EF Codd in the late 60's and was embraced by scientists at IBM including RF Boyce (ever heard of Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)?).
Though IBM (as it has done with most computer technology) was a heavy lifter making SQL a workable language, it was not the first to really exploit it (as with most of its computer technology).
No, it was good old Oracle that released the first commercial product based on SQL. And, since Oracle's earliest customer was the U.S. Government, the popularity of SQL and Oracle was secured.
Standard SQL is characterized by its ease of use and great power in basic operations.
Because it does not really excel at advanced analytics, each vendor invariably creates its own extensions to ANSI SQL. Oracle is no exception. Where, in some technologies, being 100% ANSI or ISO compliant can be a good thing, it's usually not in the world of RDBMS's.
This is largely because of the architectural differences of the various RDBMS platforms.
Why use SQL?
It is the most powerful and flexible tool available for dealing with databases.
Why do some people hate SQL?
Because they are (lazy?)...(stupid?)... it's hard to find a nice word, but I'll say they are just ignorant.
Many developers think SQL is universal or at least should be. They understand perfectly that you can't take VB code and get a Java compiler to compile it, but they don't understand that 2 databases can have even slight variations. As a result, they try to keep their DATABASE application code DATABASE agnostic and then say a lot of silly things like "Oracle sucks."
We'll discuss re-educating developers (they want to succeed as much as you do) later. In the next few posts, we'll go over how to use SQL and how Oracle handles it.
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